美国2018年的狂犬病监测

（十）2019年资料更新和参考文献

(题目为Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2018（美国2018年的狂犬病监测）的研究论文发表在J Am Vet Med Assoc（美国兽医协会杂志） 2020;256:195–208.)

2019年狂犬病资料更新

从2019年1月到9月，美国没有报告人类狂犬病病例。近年来出现了两种新的预防人类狂犬病毒感染的人类狂犬病免疫球蛋白产品。由Kamada有限公司生产的KEDRAB于2017年8月获得FDA许可用于PEP方案。HYPERRAB则由Grifols Therapeutics LLC公司生产，于2018年2月获得FDA批准。HYPERRAB与以前授权的HYPERRAB S/D的区别在于它的效力是后者的两倍(分别为300U /mL和150U /mL)。所有人类狂犬病免疫球蛋白制品的推荐使用剂量为20 -U /kg (或9.1-U/lb)，因此使用HYPERRAB时只需要更小的体积。卫生保健提供者应在给药前核实人类狂犬病免疫球蛋白的正确剂量，以确保按照建议给药。

Acknowledgments（声明和致谢）

The authors declare that there were no conflicts of interest. Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the US Department of Health and Human Services. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the CDC.

The authors thank the state and territorial health and agriculture departments and laboratories for their contributions of rabies surveillance data and human case investigations. The authors also thank the staff of the CDC Poxvirus and Rabies Branch for their help and support.

References（参考文献）

1.  Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, et al. Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9:e0003709.

2.  World Health Organization. WHO expert consultation on rabies: second report. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 982. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013.

3.  Wallace RM, Gilbert A, Slate D, et al. Right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross-species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the United States. PLoS One 2014; 9: e107539.

4.  Streicker DG, Turmelle AS, Vonhof MJ, et al. Host phylogeny constrains cross-species emergence and establishment of rabies virus in bats. Science 2010;329:676–679.

5.  Kuzmina NA, Kuzmin IV, Ellison JA, et al. A reassessment of the evolutionary timescale of bat rabies viruses based upon glycoprotein gene sequences. Virus Genes 2013;47:305–310.

6.  Pieracci EG, Pearson CM, Wallace RM, et al. Vital signs: trends in human rabies deaths and exposures—United States, 1938–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:524–528.

7.  Petersen BW, Rupprecht CE. Human rabies epidemiology and diagnosis. In: Thacker S, ed. Non-flavivirus encephalitis. Rjeka, Croatia: InTech, 2011;247–278.

8.  CDC. Imported human rabies—California, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58:713–716.

9.  Rupprecht CE, Briggs D, Brown CM, et al. Use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010;59:1–9.

10. Brown CM, Slavinski S, Ettestad P, et al. Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2016 (Erratum published in J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016;248:771). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248: 505–517.

11. Manning SE, Rupprecht CE, Fishbein D, et al. Human rabies prevention—United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep 2008;57:1–28.

12. Davis AD, Dupuis M, Rudd RJ. Extended incubation period of rabies virus in a captive big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). J Wildl Dis 2012;48:508–511.

13. Slate D, Algeo TP, Nelson KM, et al. Oral rabies vaccination in North America: opportunities, complexities, and challenges. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009;3:e549.